Introduction
Hong Kong's accounting standards are essential for ensuring transparency and reliability in financial reporting. Companies incorporated in Hong Kong must maintain proper books of accounts and meet statutory audit requirements annually, as mandated by the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance. The Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants (HKICPA) regulates the accounting profession and has established the Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards (HKFRS).
Overview of Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards (HKFRS)
Since January 2005, Hong Kong has adopted the HKFRS framework, modeled on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The HKFRS framework includes all Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards, Hong Kong Accounting Standards (HKAS), and Interpretations issued by the HKICPA. These standards apply to the general purpose financial statements and other financial reporting of all profit-oriented entities.
Key Aspects of HKFRS
Scope: HKFRS is designed for profit-oriented entities, including commercial, industrial, and financial activities. It does not apply to non-profit activities in the private sector, public sector, or government.
General Purpose Financial Statements: These statements are intended to meet the common information needs of a wide range of users, including shareholders, creditors, employees, and the public. A complete set of financial statements includes:
A statement of financial position (balance sheet)
A statement of comprehensive income (income statement)
A statement of changes in equity
A statement of cash flows
Accounting policies and explanatory notes
Principles of Accrual Accounting
HKFRS mandates the use of accrual accounting, where the effects of transactions and other events are recognized when they occur, not when cash is received or paid. This principle ensures that financial statements reflect the true financial position and performance of an entity, providing users with comprehensive information about past transactions, future cash obligations, and expected cash inflows.
Important Hong Kong Accounting Standards (HKAS)
HKAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements
Specifies requirements for the presentation and structure of financial statements.
Entities must assess their ability to continue as a going concern.
Financial statements must use the accrual basis of accounting and present a complete set at least annually.
HKAS 2: Inventories
Provides guidelines on accounting for inventories, including measurement at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
Costs of purchase, conversion, and other expenses must be included in the inventory cost.
Inventories must use the FIFO (first-in, first-out) or weighted average cost formula.
HKAS 18: Revenue
Sets out the accounting treatment for revenue arising from various transactions.
Revenue must be measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable.
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized when certain conditions are met, such as the transfer of risks and rewards and the reliable measurement of revenue and costs.
SME Financial Reporting Framework (SME-FRF) and Standard (SME-FRS)
The HKICPA has issued a simplified reporting framework for Small and Medium-sized Entities (SMEs). The SME-FRF and SME-FRS apply to Hong Kong companies that meet specific criteria, offering a simplified approach to financial reporting:
Eligibility: Private companies and companies limited by guarantee that satisfy the size and shareholder approval criteria.
Simplified Reporting: SME financial statements are prepared on a historical cost basis without fair value measurements or deferred taxes. Disclosure notes contain less information compared to full financial statements.
Exclusions: Certain entities, such as banks, insurance companies, and companies involved in regulated business activities, are not eligible for the reporting exemption.
Key Differences Between HKFRS and HK GAAP
HK GAAP (Hong Kong Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) was previously a distinct set of standards but has since been converged with IFRS to form HKFRS.
IFRS vs. GAAP: IFRS is principles-based, allowing more interpretation and requiring detailed disclosures. GAAP is rules-based, with specific guidelines for various accounting treatments.
Additional Information
Accrual Basis of Accounting: Ensures transactions are recorded when they occur, providing a true financial picture.
HKICPA's Role: Regulates the accounting profession and issues standards.
General Purpose Financial Statements: Essential for providing stakeholders with reliable financial information.
Conclusion
Hong Kong's accounting standards, governed by HKFRS, ensure a high level of transparency and reliability in financial reporting. These standards, along with the SME-FRF and SME-FRS for smaller entities, help maintain the integrity of financial statements, making Hong Kong a trusted business hub.
For more detailed information, refer to the HKICPA’s HKFRS Handbook and the complete guide to accounting standards for SMEs in Hong Kong.
Comments